Symfony 4: Directory Structure

Symfony 3 came with a slightly different directory structure than Symfony 2. Symfony 4 will also come with a reworked directory structure. Mostly incremental adjustments to support new features and best practices.

The Symfony 3 directory structure introduced a more standard Unix-like directory structure, with less sub-directories. Symfony 4 keeps going in that direction.

Using well-known directory names helps. Using bin/, src/, or var/ was a great step forward. Symfony 4 adds etc/ in place of app/. It was proposed for Symfony 3 but rejected for reasons that don't hold anymore.

Update: The etc/ has been changed to config/ after a long discussion with the community. The web/ directory has also been changed to public/. The blog posts about Symfony 4 have been updated to reflect these changes.

Tests under tests/#

Tests move to a top-level tests/ directory. It was proposed before, it just makes sense now that we have bundle-less applications. It also allows to declare a specific test namespace for autoloading:

{
    "autoload": {
        "psr-4": {
            "App\\": "src/"
        }
    },
    "autoload-dev": {
        "psr-4": {
            "App\\Tests\\": "tests/"
        }
    }
}

Templates under templates/#

Templates become first-class citizens via a new top-level templates/ directory. Would tpl make more sense compared to the other short 3-letter directory names?

Why not views? views was the original name I chose very early on because it was shorter than templates. It was a mistake as View is a concept by itself. Fixed, finally.

Having templates at the root level also makes working with web designers easier. And this directory is only created when you install Twig.

Moving templates allows to reserve src/ for PHP classes only, no more resources. Another consequence of being bundle-less.

Configuration under config/#

The new config/ directory is the equivalent of the current app/config/ directory. But with a very different layout. parameters.yml and parameters.yml.dist are gone.

The main entry point for the container is an empty container.yaml that you can use to define your own services and parameters. Configuration for bundles that you install via Composer are stored as individual files. One file per bundle and per environment. The same goes for the routing configuration. That's a soft requirement for auto-configuration, but allows for a better file organization.

Configuration files can be written in PHP, XML, or YAML as before. The only difference being the usage of the standard .yaml extension instead of the current .yml one.

One major change is the introduction of a bundles.php file where installed bundles are referenced.

One file per bundle and bundles.php are the two core concepts that enables Symfony to automatically manage your bundles and their configurations.

Source Code under src/#

The Kernel class has been moved to src/, where it belongs. The content is very different from the one in Symfony 2. First, it uses the MicroKernelTrait trait. Then, it implements the logic to load the bundles from bundles.php and to read the various bundle configuration files. The logic works as of Symfony 3.3. For instance, the code that loads the container configuration files reads as follow:

protected function configureContainer(ContainerBuilder $container, LoaderInterface $loader)
{
    $confDir = dirname(__DIR__).'/config';
    $loader->import($confDir.'/packages/*'.self::CONFIG_EXTS, 'glob');
    if (is_dir($confDir.'/packages/'.$this->getEnvironment())) {
        $loader->import($confDir.'/packages/'.$this->getEnvironment().'/**/*'.self::CONFIG_EXTS, 'glob');
    }
    $loader->import($confDir.'/container'.self::CONFIG_EXTS, 'glob');
}

Temporary files under var/#

var/ is very similar to Symfony 3, with some minor tweaks in the best practices.

var/cache/ should now only be used to store long term cached contents like compiled container files, compiled translations, or Doctrine proxies. No temporary files. Basically, anything stored under var/cache should have a warmup class able to generate the cache files. Files that should never be updated after deployment to allow for read-only filesystems.

What about temporary files then? Use another directory like var/tmp/. Or just the standard Unix /tmp directory.

If you follow this best practice, we will be able to guarantee a read-only /var/cache directory at some point. Having read-only directories is a requirement of some hosting platforms like Heroku or SensioCloud and helps scale an application. Probably not for Symfony 4.0 though.

Web files under public/#

I have already mentioned the single web front controller under public/. Almost all the other files were removed. No config.php. No .htaccess. No favicon.ico or apple-touch-icon.png. Not even robots.txt. Not all projects need those files. If you want skeletons for those files, I got you covered of course.

Everything is optional#

One difference with Symfony 3 is that all first-level directories are optional. Don't use templates for you API? No need to create a templates/ directory. Directories are created on-demand anyway.

When using Composer to add a new bundle, Symfony 4 levers this new directory structure to automatically register the bundle in bundles.php, copy some sensible configuration under config/, and much more. What else you ask? Great topic for the next post.